A Tobacco Timeline: Pre-15th Century to Present
From Florida State University’s the “Science U” section:
1950’s to Present
A. Three important studies provide links between smoking and lung cancer:
1. On May 27, 1950 Journal of the American Medical Association: publishes first major study
2. In same issue, “Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 684 Proved Cases,” by Ernst L. Wynder and Evarts A. Graham is published.
3. A Sept 30 British Medical Journal, study by Richard Doll and Bradford Hill reports that heavy smokers fifty times as likely as nonsmokers to contract lung cancerB. P. Lorillard introduces Kent cigarettes, with an asbestos filter. 1952
C. Dr. Ernst Wynder paints tar on mice backs and causes cancer—first definitive biological link in 1953.
D. 1954 Phillip Morris hires David Hardy to defend against law suit by Missouri smoker who lost larynx to cancer in 1954. Same year, Marlboro man created and advertised as “Delivers the Goods on Flavor”
E. “See It Now”—CBS—First television show on tobacco in 1955, which resulted in TIRC Tobacco Industry Research Committee
F. First Surgeon Generals report: Smoking and Health in 1964.
G. Marlboro Country ad campaign launched in 1964 as “Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro country. Marlboro sales grow at 10% per year in 1964.
H. Women allowed to roll cigars in Cuban factories in 1960’s
I. Phillip Morris controls Miller Brewing Co. in 1969.
J. Surgeon General confirms link between maternal smoking and low birth weight in 1969.
K. RJ Reynolds Tobacco becomes RJ Reynolds Industries, Inc. in 1970.
L. TV ads for tobacco products banned in 1971
M. 1971 Cigarette companies begin sponsoring major sports events.
1. NASCAR’s Winston Cup series
2. Virginia Slims Tennis
I wonder what a much older Don Draper would have to say when he found out there would be no more cigarette ads on TV…
Read the remainder of the 20th C. timeline as well as significant events dating back to 6000 B.C.
The Florida State University Research Foundation has an excellent section on their website for Tobacco Education called Science Tobacco & You. There’s a Hangman game that threatens you with tobacco tar instead of a noose. In the teacher’s edition of the timeline are highlights of tobacco history, from pre-15th C. to the present, nicely summarized.
There is a wealth of information on this website and it’s easy to become sidetracked. Before diving in, it might be a good idea to read the navigation guide, which explains what structure was used to amass the available information.
Science, Tobacco & You is based on the premise that science is a learning processes that involves looking, thinking, asking, and sharing. The organization of this Website utilizes this idea.
Teachers may also want to check out the National High Magnetic Laboratory resource section for teachers.
Remote Viewing Strategy: Unavoidable Distractions
One aspect of remote viewing is developing good habits such as consistently eliminating current distractions and foreseeing possible distractions during session. But what about when there isn’t any practical way to rid yourself of environmental distractions?
What would you do?
I began my training very close to this bell. I timed my practice sessions to just after midnight and just after noon if at all possible.
I am trained in the methods available on the Project Jedi Remote Viewing Training 4 DVD Set available at ProjectJeDi.net
Stress Precedes Volume Reductions in the Hippocampus in PTSD
There was a debate in the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for some time about whether the shrinkage observed in the hippocampus — a structure involved in learning and memory — was the result of the stress or was a vulnerability factor for the disease.
We know that high levels of cortisol — a stress hormone — can kill neurons. So you could argue that the stress and stress hormones that cause PTSD could also result in the reduction in hippocampal volume. This is the so-called neurotoxicity hypothesis.
On the other hand, individuals who get PTSD could have some underlying genetic or structural susceptibility, one characteristic of which could be an already smaller hippocampus. This is the so-called vulnerability hypothesis.
Researchers at Stanford have published a paper that adds credibility to the neurotoxicity hypothesis.
The researchers followed a cohort of 15 recently diagnosed PTSD patients age 7 to 13 over the course of 12 to 18 months. They tracked the sizes of their hippocampi at the beginning and the end of the interval using MRI images and also measured their cortisol levels.
The researchers found that over the interval the sizes of the hippocampi in the patients went down.
Our results support the hypotheses that PTSD symptoms and cortisol levels at baseline are associated with changes in hippocampal volume over an ensuing 12- to 18-month interval. Specifically, we found that severity of PTSD symptoms and cortisol levels predict a reduction in hippocampal volume from baseline to follow-up when controlling for pubertal maturation and gender in children with a history of traumatic stress. This is the first longitudinal study in PTSD to document an association between hippocampal changes with PTSD symptoms and with a marker of stress, cortisol levels. These longitudinal findings help elucidate previous cross-sectional reports of smaller hippocampal volumes in PTSD populations. Our results are also in accord with animal literature reporting on the neurotoxic effects of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus. Our results stand in contrast, however, with studies identifying hippocampal volume as a vulnerability factor. Although, this study was not designed to address the vulnerability factor hypothesis, our exploratory analyses suggest that hippocampal volume was not a risk factor for development of PTSD symptoms….
Our cortisol findings address a potential mechanism by which stress can alter the hippocampus. There is substantial animal literature demonstrating the neurotoxic effects of glucocorticoid in the glucocorticoid receptor-rich hippocampus. Glucocorticoids can also exert their neurotoxicity indirectly via accumulation of extracellular glutamate. High levels of glucocorticoids have been reported in children with history of maltreatment and PTSD. Elevated cortisol levels suggest that high levels of stress lead to activation of the HPA axis and cortisol production and that this leads to hippocampal toxicity, which results in poor inhibitory activity from the hippocampus unto other centers, such as the HPA axis itself. The putative neurotoxic effects of cortisol on the hippocampus may depend on at least 3 factors: (1) the developmental stage of the structure (the hippocampus glucocorticoid receptors density may change throughout development), (2) the level and sustainability of cortisol released, and (3) the severity and/or chronicity of the stressful events.
Other studies have attempted to follow patients with PTSD, but they have been done on older patient populations that have often had PTSD for much longer. This is a confound in the ability to measure hippocampal volume changes because chronic stress may not cause changes and stress that is far removed may have given the brain time to recover.
The recognition that stress does shrink the hippocampus rather than that a small hippocampus is a susceptibility factor for PTSD may have consequences in terms of patient treatment. In theory, we would like to short circuit the shrinkage of the hippocampus by some pharmacological means, or maybe we could improve function by providing cognitive training.
How to Remote Influence
Read more: http://www.myspace.com/thewarriormonk/blog#ixzz0zlkb1kqv
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How to Find Out Anything – No Special “Gifts” Needed to Learn
What is remote viewing:
Remote viewing is the ability to gather information about a distant or unseen target only using the natural function of the mind. It is a science which was developed and used in the US military & national security programs for intelligence gathering. Primary use for remote viewing in the early days of development was strictly military and espionage use. Common tasks were locating hostages, submarines, troop movement and terrorist operation headquarters
Remote viewing is also sometimes referred to as structured clairvoyance, trained extra-sensory perception (ESP) or sensing remote locations with the mind.
If you saw the movie called “The Men Who Stare at Goats”, you may remember that remote viewing was the primary talent of Lyn Cassady. Remote viewing is a fascinating subject, full of mysteries, so it’s no wonder Hollywood takes creative license on the topic. The actual process and training is of course much more complex than portrayed in the movies.
The real story:
The fact of the matter is, we have an abundance of proof the programs worked. Every year, for over 20 years, the remote viewing programs had to justify their continued existence to Congress. The programs had to provide evidence of their valued intelligence gathering capabilities before they could receive their funding for the next year.
Protocols and methods improved remote viewing to the point that it could no longer hide from the public eyes. Since the secrets could no longer be contained, the remote viewing programs were shut down to avoid scrutiny
A few years later we have lots of government documentation showing the program went back into active duty under other project names.
Advancements:
Through research, remote viewing has advanced in leaps and bounds since its early conception. It was discovered that we all have sensory circuits that mimic or help us interpret data from a remote target. If I were to describe a hot apple pie, with steam rising off it, you will probably remember what an apple pie is like. As you read this, memories may bring to mind the smell of hot cinnimon and tangy apples. This is your mind projecting the sensory data to your awareness. Just as you can see and smell and taste an apple pie that does not exist, just by remembering it, you can also remote view in a similar fashion.
Using the perception method of remote viewing, you can learn to virtually see, hear, smell, taste and feel something miles away using only your current God-given sensory system, attention management, pen and paper. If you have had rigorous remote viewing training previously, this will be an easy transition into advanced training.
Remote Viewing Today:
Today Remote viewing is a thriving industry no longer limited to just the military. Remote viewing is available to the public sector and is used in every area of life imaginable. From locating your missing wallet to tracking down lost children, private corporations and individuals are hiring remote viewers to accomplish the unimaginable. Now you can learn this new skill too. Go to ProjectJeDi.net to find out how just about anyone, from any walk of life, can develop this amazing tool to find out anything.
Ahhh… Amigurumi!
I recently stumbled upon these cute crochet creatures called amigurumi.
They are usually crocheted, but sometimes knitted. Characterized by anthropomorphic animals and objects, these small creations fit into the palm of your hand. Amigurumi is a Japanese art and the word translates into English as “knitted stuffed toy”.
My favorite is the Ninja Bunny Minion.
Amigurumi grew in popularity in the early and mid-1990’s. Most have much more charm than even the best Beanie Babies.
Even if you don’t know how to crochet, I think by the end of the day most people that are half decent at making small things with their hands will be able to make a simple creature out of yarn and a few beads if they put their mind to it and have a little bit of patience.
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